WELFARE ECONOMICS is a branch of ECONOMICS that attempts to provide a framework for evaluating acts, policies, states of affaires and institutions. There are some philosophical and normative FOUNDATIONS that the framework is based on, such as consequentialism, utilitarianism, welfarism, individualism and reductionism. However, some economists try to show WELFARE ECONOMICS as positive ECONOMICS. By assessing and investigating WELFARE ECONOMICS' criteria, it is shown that this claim leads to ECONOMICS as a powerless and useless science to deal with real problems of economy and economic life. However, looking at methods of applied WELFARE ECONOMICS show that some value judgments influence research process. Therefore, it is better that researchers recognize and announce these value judgments as well as the methods, assumptions, and limits.

Introduction: The ethical dimensions of agriculture need to be explored, distinguishing between ethics in agriculture and ethics of agriculture. Ethics in agriculture is traditionally based on abstract moral theory, formulated through logical reasoning, but often found inadequate to address the complex ethical challenges within agriculture due to its abstract nature and lack of practical visibility. Conversely, ethics of agriculture is approached within a context-specific framework derived from the research topic with the aim of providing more tailored solutions. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is conducted, using a descriptive-analytical approach to provide a conceptual framework for understanding agricultural ethics. Conclusion: The article highlights the critical need for a comprehensive ethical framework to address the multifaceted ethical challenges in the agricultural sector. The importance of analyzing and resolving ethical dilemmas at all stages of agriculture is underscored in order to align practices with human ideals and to ensure ethical decision-making by stakeholders involved in agriculture.

The present essay intend to introduce some vital established economic models of social WELFARE as wellas criticize and evaluate their capability and their explicative nature. The content is totally theoretical and therefore the evaluation will be done through hypothetical and abstract values and criteria. Particularly the essay tries to go beyond exact socio – economic WELFARE models and to find the political economy aspects of the model and to test of they are applicable and reasonable in terms of human being essential wants in an hypothetical society. The challenge of market was as planning system as well as the problem of income redistribution will be analysed in this study. I found it quite necessary to introduce and compare these models with purely critical approach, because many prejudgments prevail vail among Iranian Economists in this field. Extremist rights, neo liberal and neo conservative for more than 12 years engaged all universities and in reality did not allow for the discussion about real nature of the market mechanism and its shortcoming in social WELFARE. In this paper I have discussed and compared Pareto model and Dobb and Vandegrafs critic to Pareto. Then I have introduced and analysed Kaldor - Hicks model and contradictory nature. In the third section Scitovsky's theory and Kuznets critic to this theory is introduced. Pigow principle on WELFARE then is introduced and later Pache and Laspyers ideas are utilized in order to find the proper background for testing the discussed models. Finally Mishra - Dobb model is introduced and actually is depended in this essay. Introduction of more development discussion in defense of the necessity of more equal income distribution and an effective WELFARE state be meanwhile a quite participatory democratic government as well as responsible for socio-economic development.

Transaction Cost ECONOMICS (TCE), as a subset of New Institutional ECONOMICS (NIE), is the combination of ECONOMICS, Organization and Law. Noble Prize in 2009 was dedicated to Oliver Williamson who was the most popular face in the ECONOMICS as TCE main Contributor. In TCE, the main issues on the one hand  is how institutions follow Characteristics of Transactions, On the other hand, the making or buying decision or Vertical Integration is one of the focal question in TCE. For Operationalization of this question, TCE use The Discriminating Alignment Hypothesis. Base on this Hypothesis, governance structure aligns with characteristics of transaction subject to transactions costs minimization. In these perspectives, TCE reveals the proper answer to need of managers for make or buy decisions. So cognition of Station and FOUNDATIONS of TCE, with the consideration of its wide applications as interdisciplinary science in recent years, is the purposes of this article.

One of the basic challenges in the public spheres, which has become an important issue in the new political economy, is the pursuit of material personal gain by individuals and ignoring public interests. This issue has led to the emergence of the theory of public choice in neoclassical ECONOMICS, which is incompatible with the FOUNDATIONS and goals of Islamic ECONOMICS. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this research divides the FOUNDATIONS of the theory of public choice in Islamic economy into two categories, theoretical and practical, and based on these FOUNDATIONS, considers the concept and function of the theory of public choice in Islamic economy to be different from its neoclassical approach. The theoretical and practical FOUNDATIONS of Islamic general choice theory show that the circle of personal benefit as the main motivation of human choice includes spiritual and otherworldly interests, which can be understood and followed only with developed rationality. The Islamic concept of public choice solves the main challenge of this theory, which is the conflict of personal interests with public interests and ultimately ignoring public interests, by expanding the scope of personal interests and provides the basis for reaching the economic goals of Islam, including social justice.

This paper uses a set of consistent and coherent Islamic Axioms in a systematic approach to derive the general principles of Islamic monetary system. It is obvious that these principles are just theoretical and will change and evolve over the time. Using this method, we introduced three criteria; efficiency equity and mutual consent as the comparative Islamic measures and also derived four fundamental bases of Islamic monetary system in an Islamic framework of contracts given the fair market conditions as following:1. Money value is a measurement of social equity;2. Money value roots in transactions in goods and services market;3. Possibility of assignment of shadow price for money and cash capital;4. Mutual consent in economic and financial behaviors.

The central bank, as an institution that directly controls the monetary system of the country, can also pursue goals such as managing interest rates, volume of currency, inflation, unemployment and even income distribution. In some countries (like Iran) it functions as the part of the government and in some other countries the central bank is independent and follows its macro-policies. According to a common belief in ECONOMICS, central bank independence plays a positive role in fulfilling its objectives and duties. The main hypothesis of this study is that, according to Islamic principles, we can develop a practical model of this independence. In this study we have used comparative method. The results show that based on the Islamic economic principles and its decrees about justice and insistence on preventing measurement unit distortion, we can apply the above model.

Veblen was one of the most famous founding fathers of institutionalism who, with his pioneering studies, revolutionized ECONOMICS in all its intellectual and philosophical traditions of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. His scientific works were so influential that there are still a lot of endeavors to find out his viewpoints.Considering the unparalleled role of him in the development of institutional ECONOMICS, this paper will specifically study different aspects of his ideas and thoughts. In fact, the important point is that what are the main theories and ideas of this great savant? What aspects of conventional ECONOMICS were insufficient that encouraged him to build a school with the name of institutional ECONOMICS? What was his methodological approach to ECONOMICS? What kind of transformations this approach has created in the scope of economic knowledge. Veblen's unique vision makes such questions regarding his thoughts as considerable important ones. For, in the history of economic thought, his attack to epistemological and methodological FOUNDATIONS of conventional ECONOMICS is one of the most serious ones. In this context, this paper will address the above questions, and scrutinize a few aspects of his important achievements and will represent some of the epistemological, methodological and theoretical innovations of his works.

Theories of conventional ECONOMICS say that the increase in consumption can increase the WELFARE (both objective WELFARE and subjective WELFARE) of individuals, but recent studies, which have been done by the economists of happiness found the opposite results. In fact, studies in this area show that if people spend their money on experiential purchases, they will get more subjective WELFARE. But the categorization of costs based on experiential and material leads to a lack of attention to the main motive for the consumption. In order to avoid this problem, in this paper, the expenditures of people is divided into six different groups based on their motivation and then, with the help of observations and data obtained from the completion of the questionnaires by residents over 20 years of age living in Tehran and by using one sample T-test and multivariate regression in SPSS22 software, the effect of the consumption on the WELFARE of individuals has been studied empirically. The results of this research show that, firstly, the mere use of subjective or objective indicators of WELFARE alone cannot give adequate insight into the state of the society, because it is possible that under the influence of some variables, these indicators diverge. Secondly, contrary to the beliefs of some economists that more consumption is essential for increasing the WELFARE of the society, all forms of consumption not only cannot increase the subjective WELFARE of individuals but also maybe incapable of satisfying the basic needs of individuals. Therefore, it seems that more research is needed in this area.

Proving the reality and its characteristics and the possibility of knowledge about it are two necessary preliminary discussions to enter into the main topics of epistemology such as the nature, characteristics, types, limits, tools and sources of knowledge, etc. In this article, we first examine these preliminary issues in Western philosophy and then trace its extension in the philosophy of conventional ECONOMICS. After that, we explain the viewpoint of Muslim philosophers and also the Qur'anic viewpoint and analyze its results in the knowledge of Islamic ECONOMICS. Studies show that in the philosophy of conventional ECONOMICS, the existence of economic reality outside the mind is certain and happens, and in the mainstream of ECONOMICS, economic reality is considered to be material and the same as natural realities. But the views about the possibility of knowledge have evolved from the possibility of knowledge in a dogmatic way to the possibility of knowledge in a non-dogmatic way and finally to the impossibility of knowledge. From the point of view of Muslim philosophers as well as the Holy Quran, the existence of reality outside the mind and the possibility of knowing it is certain, and according to this, economic reality exists outside the mind in the four fields of religion, system, systematization, and ECONOMICS, and knowledge of it is also possible. Is. Fateful realities have material and abstract dimensions and are different from natural realities. Economic realities are surrounded by rational and religious social values and mental aspects and they occur within the framework of divine traditions which are the laws of natural development. Activists are involved in the construction of economic reality and have an independent truth from social science researchers.